🛎️Technical Architecture

Modular Consensus, Nodes & Execution Layers

This section consolidates the technical details previously scattered under “What is a ChaiNova?” into one coherent architecture overview.

1 Hybrid Consensus Layer

Mechanism	Parameters	Purpose
DPoS (Delegated Proof of Stake)	21 super‑nodes elected every 24 h; ≈10 000 TPS; dynamic rotation	High throughput; mitigates centralisation.
PoA (Proof of Authority)	Optional subnet with KYC/AML‑verified validators	Private/enterprise chains; regulatory compliance.
Slashing	Up to 5 % stake for downtime/malice	Security incentive.
BFT Finality	2.5 s	Fast settlement suitable for gaming & finance.

Why Hybrid DPoS + PoA?

• Scalability & Speed – Trusted PoA subnets push block times below one second for high‑frequency enterprise or gaming workloads, while the mainnet’s DPoS layer maintains decentralisation and 10 000 TPS throughput.

• Energy Efficiency – Both mechanisms run on Proof‑of‑Stake economics, consuming < 0.002 TWh/year combined—orders of magnitude lower than PoW chains.

• Security & Compliance – PoA validators undergo KYC/AML checks, making private shards regulator‑ready; DPoS slashing and BFT finality secure public shards against Byzantine attacks.

• Cost Reduction – Eliminating PoW mining cuts hardware waste and keeps average gas < $0.0001, enabling micro‑transactions.

2 Node Architecture

Node Type	Requirements	Role
Super‑node	500 000 CNV staked + 32 CPU cores, 128 GB RAM	Propose & validate blocks; maintain shard committees.
Full Node	Commodity hardware; stores assigned shards	Executes smart contracts; relays data to light clients.
Light Node	Mobile/IoT; uses Merkle proofs	Verifies transactions without full chain.

3 Smart‑Contract Layer (EVM++)

• Ethereum compatibility for seamless migration.

• Privacy extensions via zk‑SNARK pre‑compiles.

• Template library: AMMs, collateralised loans, NFT collections with royalties, DAO modules (quadratic voting, community vaults).

4 Native Scalability Stack

Technique	Details	Benefit
Horizontal Sharding	64 shards × 1 500 TPS each	Linear throughput scale‑out.
Optimistic Roll‑ups	90 % fee reduction for non‑critical dApps	Cost‑efficient mass transactions.
Parallel Execution	Non‑conflicting tx processed simultaneously	Utilises multi‑core hardware; reduces latency.

With this modular setup, Chainova marries performance, security and flexibility, supporting workloads that range from real‑time gaming to enterprise ERP—all while remaining fully interoperable and carbon‑neutral.